![]() However, this projected growth may be unevenly distributed across the United States: 20 metropolitan areas employ disproportionately more workers at all education levels in life sciences, physical sciences, engineering, mathematics and computer sciences, and social sciences. Workers in STEM occupations experience lower rates of unemployment and higher salaries than those in non-STEM occupations, and employment in many STEM occupations is expected to grow. This major shift in the broad understanding of the STEM workforce more than doubles the number of workers classified as part of the STEM workforce by including 16 million workers with at least a bachelor’s degree and 20 million without a bachelor’s degree. As such, the STEM workforce described in this report includes occupations that have historically been known to require STEM skills and expertise (e.g., life sciences, physical sciences, engineering, mathematics and computer sciences, social sciences, and health care) as well as occupations that are not typically considered STEM fields but that do, in fact, require STEM skills (e.g., installation, maintenance and repair, construction trades, and production occupations). S&E enterprise and the increasing use of these skills across a broad range of occupations. The inclusion of the STW recognizes the importance of these workers in adapting and maintaining new processes and technologies that are integral to the U.S. S&E enterprise is positioned to meet the needs of and compete in an increasingly technologically advanced economy, both nationally and internationally.įor this cycle, the report integrates two major components of the STEM workforce: workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher and workers without a bachelor’s degree, also referred to as the skilled technical workforce (STW). The goal of this report is to provide information about the STEM workforce that enables insight into how the U.S. They fuel a nation’s innovative capacity through their work in research and development (R&D) and in other technologically advanced activities, collectively referred to as the science and engineering (S&E) enterprise. Individuals in the STEM workforce make important contributions to improving a nation’s living standards, economic growth, and global competitiveness. Foreign-born workers accounted for 19% of the STEM workforce and 45% of a subset of STEM workers (i.e., mathematical and computer scientists, physical scientists, life scientists, social scientists, and engineers) with doctoral degrees in 2019.population, they are 23% of the STEM workforce due to underrepresentation of these groups among STEM workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Although Blacks or African Americans, Hispanics or Latinos, and American Indians or Alaska Natives represent 30% of the employed U.S.Women are about 34% of STEM workers, representing 44% of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher and 26% of those without a bachelor’s degree.In 2019, STEM workers had higher median earnings ($55,000) than non-STEM workers ($33,000). ![]() Unemployment was lower among the STEM labor force (2%) compared to the non-STEM labor force (4%) in 2019, and this pattern persisted even during the COVID-19 pandemic.A little over half of STEM workers do not have a bachelor’s degree and work primarily in health care (19%), construction trades (20%), installation, maintenance, and repair (21%), and production occupations (14%).By including workers of all educational backgrounds and the wide variety of occupations that require significant science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) knowledge and expertise, the STEM workforce represented 23% of the total U.S.Acknowledgments and Citation Expand collapse.Salary Differences across Sex and Race or Ethnicity.Representation of Race or Ethnicity in STEM.Participation of Demographic Groups in STEM Expand collapse.Geographic Distribution of the STEM Workforce.Working Involuntarily Part Time or Out of One’s Field of Highest Degree.STEM Labor Market Conditions and the Economy Expand collapse. ![]() Application of STEM Skills and Expertise by Non-S&E Workers.Education and Training of Workers in STEM. ![]()
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